(a)
(b)
(c)
 

The figure shows that the bilirubin nanoparticles are well accumulated at tumor sites by enhanced permeability retention effect.

(d)
 
 
(e)

The figure shows that doxorubicin encapsulated in bilirubin nanoparticle has improved anticancer activity (decreased tumor volume, decreased tumor weight, and less weight loss) in vivo when intravenously administered to mice bearing Hela tumors.